Rest and Stress Left Atrial Dysfunction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) myopathy with paroxysmal and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequent in chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) but sometimes occult at rest and elicited by stress. AIM: This study sought to assess LA volume and function at rest and during stress across the spectrum of AF. METHODS: In a prospective, multicenter, observational study design, we enrolled 3042 patients [age = 64 ± 12; 63.8% male] with known or suspected CCS: 2749 were in sinus rhythm (SR, Group 1); 191 in SR with a history of paroxysmal AF (Group 2); and 102 were in permanent AF (Group 3). All patients underwent stress echocardiography (SE). We measured left atrial volume index (LAVI) in all patients and LA Strain reservoir phase (LASr) in a subset of 486 patients. RESULTS: LAVI increased from Group 1 to 3, both at rest (Group 1 = 27.6 ± 12.2, Group 2 = 31.6 ± 12.9, Group 3 = 43.3 ± 19.7 mL/m2, p < 0.001) and at peak stress (Group 1 = 26.2 ± 12.0, Group 2 = 31.2 ± 12.2, Group 3 = 43.9 ± 19.4 mL/m2, p < 0.001). LASr progressively decreased from Group 1 to 3, both at rest (Group 1 = 26.0 ± 8.5%, Group 2 = 23.2 ± 11.2%, Group 3 = 8.5 ± 6.5%, p < 0.001) and at peak stress (Group 1 = 26.9 ± 10.1, Group 2 = 23.8 ± 11.0 Group 3 = 10.7 ± 8.1%, p < 0.001). Stress B-lines (≥2) were more frequent in AF (Group 1 = 29.7% vs. Group 2 = 35.5% vs. Group 3 = 57.4%, p < 0.001). Inducible ischemia was less frequent in SR (Group 1 = 16.1% vs. Group 2 = 24.7% vs. Group 3 = 24.5%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In CCS, rest and stress LA dilation and reservoir dysfunction are often present in paroxysmal and, more so, in permanent AF and are associated with more frequent inducible ischemia and pulmonary congestion during stress.

Abnormal echocardiographic findings after COVID-19 infection: a multicenter registry.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed health systems worldwide. There is conflicting data regarding the degree of cardiovascular involvement following infection. A registry was designed to evaluate the prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities in adults recovered from COVID-19. We prospectively evaluated 595 participants (mean age 45.5 ± 14.9 years; 50.8% female) from 10 institutions in Argentina and Brazil. Median time between infection and evaluation was two months, and 82.5% of participants were not hospitalized for their infection. Echocardiographic studies were conducted with General Electric equipment; 2DE imaging and global longitudinal strain (GLS) of both ventricles were performed. A total of 61.7% of the participants denied relevant cardiovascular history and 41.8% had prolonged symptoms after resolution of COVID-19 infection. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 61.0 ± 5.5% overall. In patients without prior comorbidities, 8.2% had some echocardiographic abnormality: 5.7% had reduced GLS, 3.0% had a LVEF below normal range, and 1.1% had wall motion abnormalities. The right ventricle (RV) was dilated in 1.6% of participants, 3.1% had a reduced GLS, and 0.27% had reduced RV function. Mild pericardial effusion was observed in 0.82% of participants. Male patients were more likely to have new echocardiographic abnormalities (OR 2.82, p = 0.002). Time elapsed since infection resolution (p = 0.245), presence of symptoms (p = 0.927), or history of hospitalization during infection (p = 0.671) did not have any correlation with echocardiographic abnormalities. Cardiovascular abnormalities after COVID-19 infection are rare and usually mild, especially following mild infection, being a low GLS of left and right ventricle, the most common ones in our registry. Post COVID cardiac abnormalities may be more frequent among males.

Reserva contráctil por fracción de eyección sola, o con elastancia. ¿Cuál es el mejor predictor de eventos luego de un Eco Estrés sin isquemia? / Contractile Reserve by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Alone, o Considering Elastance. ¿Which is the Best Predictor of Events After a Stress Echo Without Ischemia?

RESUMEN Introducción: El comportamiento de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) durante el ejercicio se utiliza para medir la reserva contráctil (RC). La RC medida por elastancia podría tener mayor valor pronóstico. Objetivo: Establecer si la medición de la RC por elastancia añade valor pronóstico a largo plazo en relación al comportamiento aislado de la FEVI en pacientes con un Eco Estrés sin isquemia miocárdica. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, realizado en 904 pacientes con Eco Estrés con ejercicio sin isquemia. Se valoró la RC por FEVI y por elastancia. Se dividieron en 2 grupos: Grupo 1: RC por FEVI presente (a su vez este grupo se dividió en 2 subgrupos: Grupo 1 A, RC con elastancia presente y Grupo 1B: ausencia de RC por elastancia), y Grupo 2: pacientes con ausencia de RC por FEVI. El seguimiento fue de 17,7 ± 5,4 meses. Se consideraron como eventos: muerte, infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y/o internación de causa cardiovascular. Resultados: Del total del Grupo 1 (536 pacientes), 200 (37,3%) se incluyeron en el Grupo 1A y 336 (62,7%) en el Grupo 1B. En el Grupo 2, se incluyeron 368 pacientes. En el seguimiento, los pacientes del Grupo 2 tuvieron más eventos, 30 (8,1%) vs. 22 (2,6%) (HR 3,14, IC95% 1,95-5,9, log rank test p<0,001). Dentro del G1, los pacientes del Grupo 1B presentaron más eventos: 18 (5,3%) vs 4 eventos (2%) (HR 2,46 IC95% 1,06-7,3, log rank test p<0,05). En el modelo de regresión, la elastancia fue la única variable predictora de eventos (HR 3,2, IC95% 1,83-5,6, p<0,001). Conclusiones: En el Eco Estrés ejercicio negativo para isquemia, el comportamiento de la RC evaluada por elastancia permitió identificar un subgrupo de peor pronóstico a largo plazo en pacientes con comportamiento normal de la FEVI.

ABSTRACT Background: The behavior of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during exercise is used to measure contractile reserve (CR). CR measured by elastance could have greater prognostic value. Objective: To establish whether the measurement of CR by elastance adds long-term prognostic value to CR measured by LVEF in patients with a Stress Echo without myocardial ischemia. Material and methods: Retrospective study, carried out in 904 patients with an exercise Stress Echo without ischemia. CR was assessed by LVEF and by elastance. Patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: presence of CR by LVEF (in turn this group was divided into 2 subgroups: Group 1A, CR with elastance present, and Group 1B: absence of CR by elastance), and Group 2: patients with absence of CR by LVEF. The follow-up was 17,7 ± 5,4 months. Outcomes considered were death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and cardiovascular hospitalization. Results: 536 patients were included in Group 1, 200 (37,3 %) in Group 1A and 336 (62,7%) in Group 1B. In Group 2, 368 patients were included. At follow-up, patients in Group 2 had more events, 30 (8.1%) vs. 22 (2.6%) (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.95-5.9, log rank test p <0.001). Within G1, patients in Group 1B presented more events: 18(5.3%) vs 4 (2%) (HR 2.46 CI 95% 1.06-7.3, log rank test p <0.05). In the regression model, CR assessed by LVEF and additionally by elastance was the only significant outcome predictor (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.83-5.6, p <0.001). Conclusions: In an exercise Stress Echo negative for ischemia, CR behavior evaluated by elastance allowed us to identify a subgroup with a worse long-term prognosis in patients with normal LVEF response.

Long Term Prognostic Value of Contractile Reserve Assessed by Global Longitudinal Strain in Patients with Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricle (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) at rest has shown prognostic value in patients (pts) with severe aortic stenosis (SAS). Contractile reserve (CR) during exercise stress echo (ESE) estimated via GLS (CR-GLS) could better stratify the asymptomatic patients who could benefit from early intervention. AIMS: To determine the long-term prognostic value of CR-GLS in patients with asymptomatic SAS with an ESE without inducible ischemia. Additionally, to compare the prognostic value of CR assessed via ejection fraction (CR-EF) and CR-GLS. METHODS: In a prospective, single-center, observational study between 2013 and 2019, 101 pts with asymptomatic SAS and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 55% were enrolled. CR was considered present with an exercise-rest increase in LVEF (Simpson's rule) ≥ 5 points and > 2 absolute points in GLS. Patients were assigned to 2 groups (G): G1: 56 patients with CR-GLS present; and G2: 45 patients CR-GLS absent. All patients were followed up. RESULTS: G2 Patients were older, with lower exercise capability, less aortic valve area (AVA), a higher peak aortic gradient, and less LVEF (71.5% ± 5.9 vs. 66.8% ± 7.9; p = 0.002) and GLS (%) at exercise (G1: -22.2 ± 2.8 vs. G2: -18.45 ± 2.4; p = 0.001). During mean follow-up of 46.6 ± 3.4 months, events occurred in 45 pts., with higher incidence in G2 (G2 = 57.8% vs. G1 = 42.2%, p < 0.01). At Cox regression analysis, CR-GLS was an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events (HR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.09-3.58, p = 0.025). Event-free survival was lower for patients with CR-GLS absent (log rank test p = 0.022). CR-EF was not outcome predictive (log rank test p 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with asymptomatic SAS, the absence of CR-GLS during ESE is associated with worse prognosis. Additionally, CR-GLS was a better predictor of events than CR-EF.

Analysis of The Left Atrial Function Using Two-Dimensional Strain in Patients with Recent Diagnosis of Hereditary Hemochromatosis.

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic condition associated with a systemic iron overload. Heart failure is an important cause of mortality. It has been demonstrated early stages of systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction in previous studies. The aim of the study is to compare the left atrial (LA) function between asymptomatic HH patients and a control group using 2D speckle tracking. Prospective study. LA strain, LA strain rate and LA volumetric parameters during the reservoir, conduit and contraction phases were studied. The LA Stiffness Index was calculated by the ratio between E/e and LA reservoir strain. 30 patients with HH (90% males, 47 ± 18 years old) and 30 healthy controls (85% males, 45 ± 13 years old) were included. LA volume was similar in both groups. No differences were observed in LA ejection fraction (EF), LA passive EF and LA active ejection fraction between both groups. On the contrary, the HH group had lower LA strain during the reservoir (31.5 ± 6.5% vs 38.3 ± 7.9%; P=0.002), and conduit phases (-18 ± 7% vs -23.3 ± 6.4%; P=0.01) and lower LA conduit strain rate (-1.7 ± 0.7 seg-1 vs -2.1 ± 0.5 seg-1; P=0.02) than controls. The LA stiffness index was significantly higher in the HH group (0.25 ± 0.9 vs 0.19 ± 0.6; P=0.01) Early abnormalities in the LA function could be detected by using 2D speckle tracking study despite no evidence of changes in atrial size or volumetric parameters.

Ecografía Doppler strain 2D en la evaluación de la función ventricular en pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de hemocromatosis hereditaria / Two-dimensional Strain Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Ventricular Function in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Hereditary Hemochromatosis

RESUMEN Introducción: La hemocromatosis hereditaria es una enfermedad genética que genera una sobrecarga sistémica de hierro, y en etapas avanzadas, puede afectar el corazón. El compromiso miocárdico precoz por esta enfermedad no ha sido suficientemente investigado. Objetivo: Comparar mediante ecocardiografía Doppler convencional y strain 2D un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de hemocromatosis hereditaria vs. un grupo control. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con diagnóstico reciente de hemocromatosis hereditaria, no tratados. Se les realizó un ecocardiograma Doppler convencional y con strain bidimensional para evaluar la deformación longitudinal, radial y circunferencial, y el giro y torsión del ventrículo izquierdo. Resultados: Participaron 23 varones con hemocromatosis hereditaria (46 ± 18 años) y 20 sujetos control (45 ± 15 años). No hubo diferencias en los espesores y tamaños ventriculares. Los pacientes con hemocromatosis hereditaria tuvieron una fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo menor (59 ± 4% vs. 62 ± 4 %; p = 0,01). No hubo diferencias en cuanto a ESPAM, TAPSE u onda s´ del ventrículo izquierdo. Se observó una disminución significativa del strain en los pacientes con HH, con mayor compromiso de la deformación radial (37 ± 12 % vs. 55 ± 17 %; p = 0,01) y circunferencial (−19,5 ± 2,8 % vs. −22,5 ± 2,8 %; p = 0,001), y, en menor medida, de la longitudinal (−19 ± 1,8 % vs. −21,1 ± 2,5 %; p=0,04). También este grupo tuvo menor rotación apical, menor giro (17,7 ± 13° vs. 25 ± 7°; p = 0,03) y menor torsión (2,3 ± 1,8 °/cm vs. 3,3 ± 1,1 °/cm; p = 0,03). No hubo correlación entre los diferentes tipos de deformación y los parámetros bioquímicos del metabolismo férrico. Conclusiones: La ecocardiografía y especialmente la evaluación del strain 2D es capaz de detectar de manera temprana ligeras alteraciones de la mecánica ventricular en pacientes asintomáticos, con sobrecarga sistémica de hierro por hemocromatosis hereditaria.

ABSTRACT Background: Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by systemic iron overload which can involve the heart in advanced stages. Early myocardial involvement has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of conventional Doppler-echocardiography and 2D strain echocardiography in a group of patients with newly diagnosed hereditary hemochromatosis vs. a control group. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed hereditary hemochromatosis without treatment were included. All the patients underwent conventional Doppler echocardiography and 2D strain echocardiography with evaluation of left ventricular longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain, twist and torsion. Results: Twenty-three male patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (46±18 years) and 20 male controls (45±15 years) were included. There were no differences in ventricular dimensions and wall thickness. Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (59±4% vs. 62±4%; p=0.01). There were no differences in MAPSE, TAPSE and left ventricular s' velocity. There was a significant decrease in global strain in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, with greater involvement of radial strain (37±12 % vs. 55±17%; p=0.01) and circumferential strain (-19.5±2.8% vs. -22.5±2.8%; p=0.001), and less involvement of longitudinal strain (-19±1.8% vs. -21.1±2.5%; p=0.04). Myocardial rotation showed lower twist (17.7±13° vs. 25±7°; p=0.03) and lower torsion (2.3±1.8°/cm vs. 3.3±1.1 °/cm; p=0.03). There was no correlation between the different strain parameters and iron metabolism. Conclusions: Echocardiography, and particularly 2D strain analysis can detect early abnormalities of ventricular mechanics in asymptomatic patients with systemic iron overload due to hereditary hemochromatosis.

El comportamiento del strain longitudinal regional depende de la reserva coronaria en un análisis simultáneo durante el eco-estrés con dipiridamol / The Behavior of Regional Longitudinal Strain Depends on Coronary Flow Reserve in a Simultaneous Analysis during Dipyridamole Stress Echocardiography

RESUMEN Introducción: Está poco estudiado el comportamiento del strain longitudinal regional y global en relación al valor de la reserva coronaria. Objetivos: Comparar el comportamiento del strain longitudinal apical y global con el valor de la reserva coronaria de la arteria descendente anterior y secundariamente comparar estas respuestas con el análisis visual de la motilidad parietal durante el eco-estrés con dipiridamol. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 179 pacientes (edad 68,7 ± 7,8), 90 hombres (50,3%). En el pico del efecto de dipiridamol, se midió la reserva coronaria, simultáneamente al strain longitudinal y el análisis visual de la contractilidad. Se organizó a los pacientes en dos grupos: grupo 1: reserva coronaria ≥ 2 y grupo 2: < 2. Strain apical se definió como el promedio de 4 segmentos apicales y global de los 17 segmentos. Se consideró normal a todo incremento del strain. Resultados: Se incluyeron 113 pacientes (63,12%) en el grupo 1 y 66 (36,87%) en el grupo 2. Strain apical: el 96,77% del grupo 1 incrementaron su valor con el apremio, mientras que, en el grupo 2, el 95,31% presentaron una caída (p < 0,0001). Strain global: el 82,8% del grupo 1 presentaron incremento de sus valores, en cambio, en el grupo 2, el 78,8% empeoraron (p < 0,01). Análisis de la motilidad parietal posdipiridamol: el 96,46% del grupo 1 tenían motilidad parietal conservada y el 54,5% del grupo 2 (solo en 4 pacientes aumentó el strain apical). Conclusiones: Se comprobó una estrecha correlación entre la reserva coronaria y el strain longitudinal. El strain longitudinal apical resultó ser superior del global. El strain apical demostró tener una mejor correlación con la reserva coronaria que con el análisis visual de la contractilidad.

ABSTRACT Background: The behavior of regional and global longitudinal strain in relation to the value of the coronary reserve is poorly studied. Objectives: Compare the behavior of the Apical and global longitudinal Strain with the value of the coronary reserve of the anterior descending artery and as a secondary aim compare these responses with the visual analysis of parietal motility during Echo Stress with Dipyridamole. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of 179 patients (age 68.7±7.8), 90 patients (50.3%) were men. At the peak of the dipyridamole effect, the coronary reserve was measured, simultaneously with the Longitudinal Strain and the visual analisis of contractility. Two groups were divided: Group 1: Coronary reserve ≥2 and Group 2: <2. Apical Strain was defined as the average of 4 apical segments and global as the average of the 17 segments. It was considered normal any increased of deformation. Results: 113 patients (63.12%) were included in Group 1 and 66 (36.87%) in Group 2. Strain Apical: 96.77% of Group 1 increased their strain values with the stress, while in group 2, 95.31% presented a worsening strain values (p<0.0001). Global Strain: 82.8% of Group 1 had an increase in their values, while in Group 2, 78.8% showed worsening (p<0.01). Post Dipyridamole parietal Motility Analysis: 96.46% of Group 1 had preserved parietal motility and only 54.5% of Group 2 (4 patients had increased apical Strain in this group). Conclusions: There was a close correlation between the coronary reserve of the anterior descending artery and the contractile reserve evaluated by regional apical longitudinal strain of the 4 apical segments, which was superior to the use of global strain. The Apical Strain showed a better correlation with ADA coronary reserve than with the visual analysis of contractility.

Cirugía de reparación biventricular en pacientes con transposición de los grandes vasos, comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar: ¿Rastelli, Nikaidoh, REV? / Biventricular Repair in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries, Ventricular Septal Defect and Pulmonary Stenosis: Rastelli, Nikaidoh or REV Procedures?

Introducción: La corrección biventricular de la transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar incluye las cirugías de Rastelli, REV (reparation a l'etage ventriculaire) y Nikaidoh. El tratamiento de elección aún es controversial, dada la gran variabilidad anatómica de esta entidad y los resultados subóptimos de las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas propuestas. Objetivos: 1. Evaluar los resultados de las cirugías de corrección biventricular realizadas en nuestro hospital en los pacientes con transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar. 2. Comparar las cirugías de Rastelli y Nikaidoh en términos de morbimortalidad en el subgrupo de pacientes con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 76 pacientes operados durante el período 1991-2015 en nuestro centro con técnica de Rastelli [n = 60 (78,9%)], Nikaidoh [n = 13 (17%)] y REV [n = 3 (4%)]. Resultados: En el posquirúrgico inmediato, 24 pacientes tuvieron disfunción ventricular, 18 arritmias y 11 estenosis subaórtica. Ninguno presentó insuficiencia aórtica significativa. En la evolución, con un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 9,9 años (± 6 años), 52 pacientes desarrollaron disfunción del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar, 14 pacientes obstrucción al tracto de salida ventricular izquierdo, 12 pacientes arritmias y 1 paciente insuficiencia aórtica moderada. La sobrevida alejada a los 5 y 10 años fue del 96% y a los 15 años, del 92%. El 55% de los pacientes requirieron reintervención a los 6,2 años (± 5), principalmente por disfunción del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar (77%). Murieron 9 pacientes, 7 de ellos en el posquirúrgico inmediato. La mortalidad se asoció con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta (p = 0,02) y con disfunción ventricular (p = 0,02), arritmias (p = 0,01) y reoperaciones (p = 0,0000) en el posquirúrgico inmediato. En el grupo de pacientes con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta, la cirugía de Rastelli presentó mayor mortalidad (p = 0,01) y obstrucción subaórtica en el posquirúrgico inmediato (p = 0,04) y alejado (p = 0,01) que la de Nikaidoh. Conclusiones: - Los pacientes con cirugía de Rastelli, Nikaidoh y REV tienen buena sobrevida alejada. - Las reintervenciones son frecuentes (55%), principalmente por disfunción del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar. - En los pacientes con comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta, la cirugía de Nikaidoh surge como mejor opción terapéutica que la de Rastelli.

Cirugía de Nikaidoh modificada: experiencia inicial y resultados a corto y a mediano plazos / The Modified Nikaidoh Procedure: Initial Experience and Short and Mid-term Outcomes

Introducción: El tratamiento convencional de los pacientes con transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar es la cirugía de Rastelli. Sin embargo, sus resultados son subóptimos, razón por la cual se han propuesto otras alternativas quirúrgicas. El procedimiento de Nikaidoh es una técnica reciente que surge como una opción terapéutica atractiva. Objetivo: Analizar nuestra experiencia inicial con la cirugía de Nikaidoh modificada: translocación aórtica y reconstrucción de ambos tractos de salida ventriculares. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 11 pacientes consecutivos operados con técnica de Nikaidoh modificada en nuestra institución en el período 2005-2014, con edad mediana de 3 años (intervalo intercuartil 25-75%: 1-5,5 años) y peso medio de 13,8 ± 5,4 kg, 9 de ellos con transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar y 2 con doble salida del ventrículo derecho con estenosis pulmonar y fisiología de transposición. Todos tenían comunicación interventricular no relacionada con la aorta y un paciente tenía además ventrículo derecho hipoplásico. Resultados: En el posquirúrgico inmediato no hubo mortalidad, un paciente desarrolló endocarditis infecciosa y requirió reoperación. Seis pacientes tuvieron disfunción ventricular transitoria; solo uno necesitó asistencia ventricular. No se registró obstrucción a los tractos de salida ventriculares ni insuficiencia aórtica mayor que leve. En el seguimiento a mediano plazo, con una media de seguimiento de 5,5 ± 2,1 años (rango: 2-8,6 años), no hubo mortalidad ni reoperaciones. Se efectuó un cateterismo intervencionista para dilatación del conducto ventrículo derecho-arteria pulmonar. Todos los pacientes permanecían en clase funcional I, con buena función biventricular, sin arritmias, sin obstrucción al tracto de salida ventricular izquierdo y sin insuficiencia aórtica significativa. Conclusiones: La cirugía de Nikaidoh y sus modificaciones constituyen una buena opción quirúrgica para los pacientes con transposición de los grandes vasos con comunicación interventricular y estenosis pulmonar, que por su morfología son malos candidatos para cirugía de Rastelli. En esta serie no hubo mortalidad y todos los pacientes se encuentran en clase funcional I. En el seguimiento a mediano plazo, el tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo permaneció sin obstrucción y no se registró insuficiencia aórtica significativa.

Background: The Rastelli operation is the conventional procedure for transposition of the great vessels with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Its results, however, are suboptimal and other surgical alternatives have been postulated. A recent surgical technique, the Nikaidoh procedure, appears as a new therapeutic option. Objective: The aim of this study was to review our initial experience using the modified Nikaidoh procedure consisting in aortic translocation and biventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Methods: The study analyzed 11 consecutive patients operated on with the modified Nikaidoh procedure at our institution between 2005 and 2014. Median age was 3 years (25-75% interquartile range: 1-5.5 years) and mean weight was 13.8 ± 5.4 kg. Nine patients had transposition of the great vessels with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis and 2 had double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis and transposition physiology. All patients had a ventricular septal defect unrelated to the aorta and one patient also had a hypoplastic right ventricle. Results: There were no deaths in the immediate postoperative period. One patient developed infective endocarditis needing reoperation. Six patients had some degree of transient left ventricular dysfunction, and one patient only needed ventricular assistance. There was no involved right or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and only mild aortic regurgitation. At mid-term follow-up (mean of 5.5 ± 2.1 years, range: 2-8.6 years) there were no deaths or reoperations. An interventional cardiac catheterization to dilate the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit was performed in one patient. All patients remained in functional class I, with good biventricular function, free from arrhythmias, no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and no significant aortic regurgitation. Conclusions: The Nikaidoh operation and its variants are a satisfactory surgical option for patients presenting transposition of the great vessels with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis, who due to their morphology are inadequate candidates for a Rastelli procedure. In the mid-term follow-up, the left ventricular outflow tract remained without obstruction and there was no significant aortic valve regurgitation.

Bypass total del ventrículo pulmonar: complicaciones y sobrevida en el seguimiento alejado / Total Right Heart Bypass: Long-Term Complications and Survival

Introducción La cirugía de bypass total del ventrículo pulmonar (BPTVP) es un procedimiento paliativo con una incidencia elevada de complicaciones. El reconocimiento e individualización precoz de estas complicaciones es esencial para definir estrategias terapéuticas adecuadas. Objetivo Evaluar los eventos alejados del BPTVP, analizar la mortalidad alejada y comparar la técnica auriculopulmonar (AP) con el conducto extracardíaco (CE). Material y métodos Entre 1987 y 2010 se analizaron 191 pacientes sometidos a BPTVP con un tiempo medio de seguimiento posquirúrgico (X) de 6,5 ± 5 años (1-20 años). Los pacientes se dividieron, de acuerdo con la variante quirúrgica, en grupo I: A P, 39 pacientes, X = 14 años y grupo II: CE, 152 pacientes, X = 4 años. Resultados El 57% de los pacientes (n = 116) presentaron las siguientes complicaciones: La mortalidad global alejada fue del 4,6% (n = 9). En el análisis univariado, la mortalidad estuvo asociada con disfunción ventricular (p = 0,0000), enteropatía perdedora de proteínas (p = 0,0000), aleteo auricular (p = 0,0012), reoperaciones (p = 0,0006), estenosis subaórtica (p = 0,0024), trombos (p = 0,01) y la técnica quirúrgica AP (p = 0,0004). En el estudio multivariado, la mortalidad estuvo relacionada con disfunción ventricular [OR 27,7 (4,64-165,24); p = 0,0003], técnica AP [OR 2,5 (16,2-105,9); p = 0,0036] y enteropatía perdedora de proteínas [OR 9,31 (1,53-56,66); p = 0,01]. Conclusiones - El BPTVP presentó eventos adversos en el 57% de los pacientes durante el seguimiento alejado. - La mortalidad alejada estuvo asociada con disfunción ventricular, aleteo auricular, enteropatía perdedora de proteínas, estenosis subaórtica, reoperaciones, trombos y técnica quirúrgica auriculopulmonar. - Los predictores de mortalidad fueron la disfunción ventricular, la enteropatía perdedora de proteínas y la técnica auriculopulmonar.(AU)

Introduction Total right heart bypass (RHB) is a palliative procedure with high incidence of complications. Early recognition and individualization of these complications is crucial to define adequate therapeutic strategies. Objective To evaluate the incidence of events and mortality of total RHB during long-term follow-up and compare the atriopulmonary (AP) technique with the extracardiac conduit (EC). Methods Between 1987 and 2010, 191 patients undergoing total RHB with a mean follow-up (X) of 6.5 ± 5 years (1-20 years) after surgery were analyzed. The patients were divided, according to the surgical approach, in group I: A P, 39 patients, X=14 years and group II: EC, 152 patients, X=4 years. Results The following complications were present in 57% (n = 116) of the patients: Global long-term mortality was 4.6% (n = 9). At univariate analysis, mortality was associated with ventricular dysfunction (p=0.0000), protein-losing enteropathy (p=0.0000), atrial flutter (p=0.0012), reoperations (p=0.0006), sub-aortic stenosis (p=0.0024), thrombosis (p =0.01) and AP technique (p=0.0004). Multivariate analysis revealed that mortality was associated with ventricular dysfunction [OR 27.7 (4.64-165.24); p = 0.0003], AP technique [OR 2.5 (16.2-105.9); p = 0.0036] and protein-losing enteropathy [OR 9.31 (1.53-56.66); p = 0.01]. Conclusions - Adverse events were present in 57% of patients undergoing total RHB during long-term follow-up. - Long-term mortality was associated with ventricular dysfunction, atrial flutter, protein-losing enteropathy, sub-aortic stenosis, reoperations, thrombosis and atriopulmonary technique. - Ventricular dysfunction, protein-losing enteropathy and atriopulmonary technique were predictors of mortality.(AU)

Bypass total del ventrículo pulmonar: complicaciones y sobrevida en el seguimiento alejado / Total Right Heart Bypass: Long-Term Complications and Survival

Introducción La cirugía de bypass total del ventrículo pulmonar (BPTVP) es un procedimiento paliativo con una incidencia elevada de complicaciones. El reconocimiento e individualización precoz de estas complicaciones es esencial para definir estrategias terapéuticas adecuadas. Objetivo Evaluar los eventos alejados del BPTVP, analizar la mortalidad alejada y comparar la técnica auriculopulmonar (AP) con el conducto extracardíaco (CE). Material y métodos Entre 1987 y 2010 se analizaron 191 pacientes sometidos a BPTVP con un tiempo medio de seguimiento posquirúrgico (X) de 6,5 ± 5 años (1-20 años). Los pacientes se dividieron, de acuerdo con la variante quirúrgica, en grupo I: A P, 39 pacientes, X = 14 años y grupo II: CE, 152 pacientes, X = 4 años. Resultados El 57% de los pacientes (n = 116) presentaron las siguientes complicaciones: La mortalidad global alejada fue del 4,6% (n = 9). En el análisis univariado, la mortalidad estuvo asociada con disfunción ventricular (p = 0,0000), enteropatía perdedora de proteínas (p = 0,0000), aleteo auricular (p = 0,0012), reoperaciones (p = 0,0006), estenosis subaórtica (p = 0,0024), trombos (p = 0,01) y la técnica quirúrgica AP (p = 0,0004). En el estudio multivariado, la mortalidad estuvo relacionada con disfunción ventricular [OR 27,7 (4,64-165,24); p = 0,0003], técnica AP [OR 2,5 (16,2-105,9); p = 0,0036] y enteropatía perdedora de proteínas [OR 9,31 (1,53-56,66); p = 0,01]. Conclusiones - El BPTVP presentó eventos adversos en el 57% de los pacientes durante el seguimiento alejado. - La mortalidad alejada estuvo asociada con disfunción ventricular, aleteo auricular, enteropatía perdedora de proteínas, estenosis subaórtica, reoperaciones, trombos y técnica quirúrgica auriculopulmonar. - Los predictores de mortalidad fueron la disfunción ventricular, la enteropatía perdedora de proteínas y la técnica auriculopulmonar.

Introduction Total right heart bypass (RHB) is a palliative procedure with high incidence of complications. Early recognition and individualization of these complications is crucial to define adequate therapeutic strategies. Objective To evaluate the incidence of events and mortality of total RHB during long-term follow-up and compare the atriopulmonary (AP) technique with the extracardiac conduit (EC). Methods Between 1987 and 2010, 191 patients undergoing total RHB with a mean follow-up (X) of 6.5 ± 5 years (1-20 years) after surgery were analyzed. The patients were divided, according to the surgical approach, in group I: A P, 39 patients, X=14 years and group II: EC, 152 patients, X=4 years. Results The following complications were present in 57% (n = 116) of the patients: Global long-term mortality was 4.6% (n = 9). At univariate analysis, mortality was associated with ventricular dysfunction (p=0.0000), protein-losing enteropathy (p=0.0000), atrial flutter (p=0.0012), reoperations (p=0.0006), sub-aortic stenosis (p=0.0024), thrombosis (p =0.01) and AP technique (p=0.0004). Multivariate analysis revealed that mortality was associated with ventricular dysfunction [OR 27.7 (4.64-165.24); p = 0.0003], AP technique [OR 2.5 (16.2-105.9); p = 0.0036] and protein-losing enteropathy [OR 9.31 (1.53-56.66); p = 0.01]. Conclusions - Adverse events were present in 57% of patients undergoing total RHB during long-term follow-up. - Long-term mortality was associated with ventricular dysfunction, atrial flutter, protein-losing enteropathy, sub-aortic stenosis, reoperations, thrombosis and atriopulmonary technique. - Ventricular dysfunction, protein-losing enteropathy and atriopulmonary technique were predictors of mortality.